class QCommandLineParser#

The QCommandLineParser class provides a means for handling the command line options. More…

Synopsis#

Methods#

Note

This documentation may contain snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python. We always welcome contributions to the snippet translation. If you see an issue with the translation, you can also let us know by creating a ticket on https:/bugreports.qt.io/projects/PYSIDE

Detailed Description#

Warning

This section contains snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python and may contain errors.

QCoreApplication provides the command-line arguments as a simple list of strings. QCommandLineParser provides the ability to define a set of options, parse the command-line arguments, and store which options have actually been used, as well as option values.

Any argument that isn’t an option (i.e. doesn’t start with a -) is stored as a “positional argument”.

The parser handles short names, long names, more than one name for the same option, and option values.

Options on the command line are recognized as starting with one or two - characters, followed by the option name. The option - (single dash alone) is a special case, often meaning standard input, and is not treated as an option. The parser will treat everything after the option -- (double dash) as positional arguments.

Short options are single letters. The option v would be specified by passing -v on the command line. In the default parsing mode, short options can be written in a compact form, for instance -abc is equivalent to -a -b -c. The parsing mode can be changed to ParseAsLongOptions , in which case -abc will be parsed as the long option abc.

Long options are more than one letter long and cannot be compacted together. The long option verbose would be passed as --verbose or -verbose.

Passing values to options can be done by using the assignment operator (-v=value, --verbose=value), or with a space (-v value, --verbose value). This works even if the the value starts with a -.

The parser does not support optional values - if an option is set to require a value, one must be present. If such an option is placed last and has no value, the option will be treated as if it had not been specified.

The parser does not automatically support negating or disabling long options by using the format --disable-option or --no-option. However, it is possible to handle this case explicitly by making an option with no-option as one of its names, and handling the option explicitly.

Example:

if __name__ == "__main__":

    app = QCoreApplication(argc, argv)
    QCoreApplication.setApplicationName("my-copy-program")
    QCoreApplication.setApplicationVersion("1.0")
    parser = QCommandLineParser()
    parser.setApplicationDescription("Test helper")
    parser.addHelpOption()
    parser.addVersionOption()
    parser.addPositionalArgument("source", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Source file to copy."))
    parser.addPositionalArgument("destination", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Destination directory."))
    # A boolean option with a single name (-p)
    showProgressOption = QCommandLineOption("p", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Show progress during copy"))
    parser.addOption(showProgressOption)
    # A boolean option with multiple names (-f, --force)
    QCommandLineOption forceOption(QStringList() << "f" << "force",
            QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Overwrite existing files."))
    parser.addOption(forceOption)
    # An option with a value
    QCommandLineOption targetDirectoryOption(QStringList() << "t" << "target-directory",
            QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Copy all source files into <directory>."),
            QCoreApplication.translate("main", "directory"))
    parser.addOption(targetDirectoryOption)
    # Process the actual command line arguments given by the user
    parser.process(app)
    args = parser.positionalArguments()
    # source is args.at(0), destination is args.at(1)
    showProgress = parser.isSet(showProgressOption)
    force = parser.isSet(forceOption)
    targetDir = parser.value(targetDirectoryOption)
    # ...

The three addOption() calls in the above example can be made more compact by using addOptions() :

parser.addOptions({
    # A boolean option with a single name (-p)
    {"p",
        QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Show progress during copy")},
    # A boolean option with multiple names (-f, --force)
    {{"f", "force"},
        QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Overwrite existing files.")},
    # An option with a value
    {{"t", "target-directory"},
        QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Copy all source files into <directory>."),
        QCoreApplication.translate("main", "directory")},
})

Known limitation: the parsing of Qt options inside QCoreApplication and subclasses happens before QCommandLineParser exists, so it can’t take it into account. This means any option value that looks like a builtin Qt option will be treated by QCoreApplication as a builtin Qt option. Example: --profile -reverse will lead to QGuiApplication seeing the -reverse option set, and removing it from arguments() before QCommandLineParser defines the profile option and parses the command line.

How to Use QCommandLineParser in Complex Applications#

In practice, additional error checking needs to be performed on the positional arguments and option values. For example, ranges of numbers should be checked.

It is then advisable to introduce a function to do the command line parsing which takes a struct or class receiving the option values returning an object representing the result. The dnslookup example of the QtNetwork module illustrates this:

class DnsQuery():

    DnsQuery() : type(QDnsLookup.A) {}
    QDnsLookup.Type type
    nameServer = QHostAddress()
    name = QString()
class CommandLineParseResult():

    enum class Status {
        Ok,
        Error,
        VersionRequested,
        HelpRequested

    statusCode = Status::Ok()
    std.optional<QString> errorString = std.nullopt

def parseCommandLine(parser,query):

    Status = CommandLineParseResult::Status()
    parser.setSingleDashWordOptionMode(QCommandLineParser.ParseAsLongOptions)
    nameServerOption = QCommandLineOption("n", "The name server to use.", "nameserver")
    parser.addOption(nameServerOption)
    typeOption = QCommandLineOption("t", "The lookup type.", "type")
    parser.addOption(typeOption)
    parser.addPositionalArgument("name", "The name to look up.")
    helpOption = parser.addHelpOption()
    versionOption = parser.addVersionOption()
    if not parser.parse(QCoreApplication.arguments()):
        return { Status.Error, parser.errorText() }
    if parser.isSet(versionOption):
        return { Status.VersionRequested }
    if parser.isSet(helpOption):
        return { Status.HelpRequested }
    if parser.isSet(nameServerOption):
        nameserver = parser.value(nameServerOption)
        query.nameServer = QHostAddress(nameserver)
        if (query.nameServer.isNull()
            or query.nameServer.protocol() == QAbstractSocket.UnknownNetworkLayerProtocol) {
            return { Status.Error,
                     "Bad nameserver address: %1".arg(nameserver) }


    if parser.isSet(typeOption):
        typeParameter = parser.value(typeOption)
        if std.optional<QDnsLookup.Type> type = typeFromParameter(typeParameter):
            query.type = type
else:
            return { Status.Error, "Bad record type: %1".arg(typeParameter) }

    positionalArguments = parser.positionalArguments()
    if positionalArguments.isEmpty():
        return { Status.Error, "Argument 'name' missing." }
    if positionalArguments.size() > 1:
        return { Status.Error, "Several 'name' arguments specified." }
    query.name = positionalArguments.first()
    return { Status.Ok }

In the main function, help should be printed to the standard output if the help option was passed and the application should return the exit code 0.

If an error was detected, the error message should be printed to the standard error output and the application should return an exit code other than 0.

QCoreApplication.setApplicationVersion(QT_VERSION_STR)
QCoreApplication.setApplicationName(QCoreApplication.translate("QDnsLookupExample",
                                                                 "DNS Lookup Example"))
parser = QCommandLineParser()
parser.setApplicationDescription(QCoreApplication.translate("QDnsLookupExample",
                                                             "An example demonstrating the "
                                                             "class QDnsLookup."))
query = DnsQuery()
Status = CommandLineParseResult::Status()
parseResult = parseCommandLine(parser, query)

if parseResult.statusCode == Status.Ok:
    break
elif parseResult.statusCode == Status.Error:
    std::fputs(qPrintable(parseResult.errorString.value_or("Unknown error occurred")),
               stderr)
    std::fputs("\n\n", stderr)
    std::fputs(qPrintable(parser.helpText()), stderr)
    return 1
elif parseResult.statusCode == Status.VersionRequested:
    parser.showVersion()
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0)
elif parseResult.statusCode == Status.HelpRequested:
    parser.showHelp()
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0)

A special case to consider here are GUI applications on Windows and mobile platforms. These applications may not use the standard output or error channels since the output is either discarded or not accessible.

On Windows, QCommandLineParser uses message boxes to display usage information and errors if no console window can be obtained.

For other platforms, it is recommended to display help texts and error messages using a QMessageBox. To preserve the formatting of the help text, rich text with <pre> elements should be used:

switch (parseResult.statusCode) {
case Status::Ok:
    break;
case Status::Error: {
    QString errorMessage = parseResult.errorString.value_or(u"Unknown error occurred"_qs);
    QMessageBox::warning(0, QGuiApplication::applicationDisplayName(),
                         "<html><head/><body><h2>" + errorMessage + "</h2><pre>"
                         + parser.helpText() + "</pre></body></html>");
    return 1;
}
case Status::VersionRequested:
    QMessageBox::information(0, QGuiApplication::applicationDisplayName(),
                             QGuiApplication::applicationDisplayName() + ' '
                             + QCoreApplication::applicationVersion());
    return 0;
case Status::HelpRequested:
    QMessageBox::warning(0, QGuiApplication::applicationDisplayName(),
                         "<html><head/><body><pre>"
                         + parser.helpText() + "</pre></body></html>");
    return 0;
}

However, this does not apply to the dnslookup example, because it is a console application.

class SingleDashWordOptionMode#

This enum describes the way the parser interprets command-line options that use a single dash followed by multiple letters, as -abc.

Constant

Description

QCommandLineParser.ParseAsCompactedShortOptions

-abc is interpreted as -a -b -c, i.e. as three short options that have been compacted on the command-line, if none of the options take a value. If a takes a value, then it is interpreted as -a bc, i.e. the short option a followed by the value bc. This is typically used in tools that behave like compilers, in order to handle options such as -DDEFINE=VALUE or -I/include/path. This is the default parsing mode. New applications are recommended to use this mode.

QCommandLineParser.ParseAsLongOptions

-abc is interpreted as --abc, i.e. as the long option named abc. This is how Qt’s own tools (uic, rcc…) have always been parsing arguments. This mode should be used for preserving compatibility in applications that were parsing arguments in such a way. There is an exception if the a option has the ShortOptionStyle flag set, in which case it is still interpreted as -a bc.

See also

setSingleDashWordOptionMode()

class OptionsAfterPositionalArgumentsMode#

This enum describes the way the parser interprets options that occur after positional arguments.

Constant

Description

QCommandLineParser.ParseAsOptions

application argument --opt -t is interpreted as setting the options opt and t, just like application --opt -t argument would do. This is the default parsing mode. In order to specify that --opt and -t are positional arguments instead, the user can use --, as in application argument -- --opt -t.

QCommandLineParser.ParseAsPositionalArguments

application argument --opt is interpreted as having two positional arguments, argument and --opt. This mode is useful for executables that aim to launch other executables (e.g. wrappers, debugging tools, etc.) or that support internal commands followed by options for the command. argument is the name of the command, and all options occurring after it can be collected and parsed by another command line parser, possibly in another executable.

See also

setOptionsAfterPositionalArgumentsMode()

__init__()#

Constructs a command line parser object.

addHelpOption()#
Return type:

QCommandLineOption

Warning

This section contains snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python and may contain errors.

Adds help options to the command-line parser.

The options specified for this command-line are described by -h or --help. On Windows, the alternative -? is also supported. The option --help-all extends that to include generic Qt options, not defined by this command, in the output.

These options are handled automatically by QCommandLineParser .

Remember to use setApplicationDescription() to set the application description, which will be displayed when this option is used.

Example:

if __name__ == "__main__":

    app = QCoreApplication(argc, argv)
    QCoreApplication.setApplicationName("my-copy-program")
    QCoreApplication.setApplicationVersion("1.0")
    parser = QCommandLineParser()
    parser.setApplicationDescription("Test helper")
    parser.addHelpOption()
    parser.addVersionOption()
    parser.addPositionalArgument("source", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Source file to copy."))
    parser.addPositionalArgument("destination", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Destination directory."))
    # A boolean option with a single name (-p)
    showProgressOption = QCommandLineOption("p", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Show progress during copy"))
    parser.addOption(showProgressOption)
    # A boolean option with multiple names (-f, --force)
    QCommandLineOption forceOption(QStringList() << "f" << "force",
            QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Overwrite existing files."))
    parser.addOption(forceOption)
    # An option with a value
    QCommandLineOption targetDirectoryOption(QStringList() << "t" << "target-directory",
            QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Copy all source files into <directory>."),
            QCoreApplication.translate("main", "directory"))
    parser.addOption(targetDirectoryOption)
    # Process the actual command line arguments given by the user
    parser.process(app)
    args = parser.positionalArguments()
    # source is args.at(0), destination is args.at(1)
    showProgress = parser.isSet(showProgressOption)
    force = parser.isSet(forceOption)
    targetDir = parser.value(targetDirectoryOption)
    # ...

Returns the option instance, which can be used to call isSet() .

addOption(commandLineOption)#
Parameters:

commandLineOption – QCommandLineOption

Return type:

bool

Adds the option option to look for while parsing.

Returns true if adding the option was successful; otherwise returns false.

Adding the option fails if there is no name attached to the option, or the option has a name that clashes with an option name added before.

addOptions(options)#
Parameters:

options – .list of QCommandLineOption

Return type:

bool

Adds the options to look for while parsing. The options are specified by the parameter options.

Returns true if adding all of the options was successful; otherwise returns false.

See the documentation for addOption() for when this function may fail.

addPositionalArgument(name, description[, syntax=""])#
Parameters:

  • name – str

  • description – str

  • syntax – str

Warning

This section contains snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python and may contain errors.

Defines an additional argument to the application, for the benefit of the help text.

The argument name and description will appear under the Arguments: section of the help. If syntax is specified, it will be appended to the Usage line, otherwise the name will be appended.

Example:

# Usage: image-editor file
#
# Arguments:
#   file                  The file to open.
parser.addPositionalArgument("file", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "The file to open."))
# Usage: web-browser [urls...]
#
# Arguments:
#   urls                URLs to open, optionally.
parser.addPositionalArgument("urls", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "URLs to open, optionally."), "[urls...]")
# Usage: cp source destination
#
# Arguments:
#   source                Source file to copy.
#   destination           Destination directory.
parser.addPositionalArgument("source", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Source file to copy."))
parser.addPositionalArgument("destination", QCoreApplication.translate("main", "Destination directory."))

See also

addHelpOption() helpText()

addVersionOption()#
Return type:

QCommandLineOption

Adds the -v / --version option, which displays the version string of the application.

This option is handled automatically by QCommandLineParser .

You can set the actual version string by using setApplicationVersion() .

Returns the option instance, which can be used to call isSet() .

applicationDescription()#
Return type:

str

Returns the application description set in setApplicationDescription() .

clearPositionalArguments()#

Warning

This section contains snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python and may contain errors.

Clears the definitions of additional arguments from the help text.

This is only needed for the special case of tools which support multiple commands with different options. Once the actual command has been identified, the options for this command can be defined, and the help text for the command can be adjusted accordingly.

Example:

app = QCoreApplication(argc, argv)
parser = QCommandLineParser()
parser.addPositionalArgument("command", "The command to execute.")
# Call parse() to find out the positional arguments.
parser.parse(QCoreApplication.arguments())
args = parser.positionalArguments()
command = args.isEmpty() if QString() else args.first()
if command == "resize":
    parser.clearPositionalArguments()
    parser.addPositionalArgument("resize", "Resize the object to a size().", "resize [resize_options]")
    parser.addOption(QCommandLineOption("size", "New size.", "new_size"))
    parser.process(app)
    # ...

/*
This code results in context-dependent help:
$ tool --help
Usage: tool command
Arguments:
  command The command to execute.
$ tool resize --help
Usage: tool resize [resize_options]
Options:
  size <size> New size. = size <size> New size. - 1
Arguments:
  resize Resize the object to a size().
*/
errorText()#
Return type:

str

Returns a translated error text for the user. This should only be called when parse() returns false.

helpText()#
Return type:

str

Returns a string containing the complete help information.

See also

showHelp()

isSet(option)#
Parameters:

option – QCommandLineOption

Return type:

bool

Warning

This section contains snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python and may contain errors.

This is an overloaded function.

Checks whether the option was passed to the application.

Returns true if the option was set, false otherwise.

This is the recommended way to check for options with no values.

Example:

app = QCoreApplication(argc, argv)
parser = QCommandLineParser()
verboseOption = QCommandLineOption("verbose")
parser.addOption(verboseOption)
parser.process(app)
verbose = parser.isSet(verboseOption)
isSet(name)
Parameters:

name – str

Return type:

bool

Warning

This section contains snippets that were automatically translated from C++ to Python and may contain errors.

Checks whether the option name was passed to the application.

Returns true if the option name was set, false otherwise.

The name provided can be any long or short name of any option that was added with addOption() . All the options names are treated as being equivalent. If the name is not recognized or that option was not present, false is returned.

Example:

verbose = parser.isSet("verbose")
optionNames()#
Return type:

list of strings

Returns a list of option names that were found.

This returns a list of all the recognized option names found by the parser, in the order in which they were found. For any long options that were in the form {–option=value}, the value part will have been dropped.

The names in this list do not include the preceding dash characters. Names may appear more than once in this list if they were encountered more than once by the parser.

Any entry in the list can be used with value() or with values() to get any relevant option values.

parse(arguments)#
Parameters:

arguments – list of strings

Return type:

bool

Parses the command line arguments.

Most programs don’t need to call this, a simple call to process() is enough.

parse() is more low-level, and only does the parsing. The application will have to take care of the error handling, using errorText() if parse() returns false. This can be useful for instance to show a graphical error message in graphical programs.

Calling parse() instead of process() can also be useful in order to ignore unknown options temporarily, because more option definitions will be provided later on (depending on one of the arguments), before calling process() .

Don’t forget that arguments must start with the name of the executable (ignored, though).

Returns false in case of a parse error (unknown option or missing value); returns true otherwise.

See also

process()

positionalArguments()#
Return type:

list of strings

Returns a list of positional arguments.

These are all of the arguments that were not recognized as part of an option.

process(app)#
Parameters:

app – QCoreApplication

This is an overloaded function.

The command line is obtained from the QCoreApplication instance app.

process(arguments)
Parameters:

arguments – list of strings

Processes the command line arguments.

In addition to parsing the options (like parse() ), this function also handles the builtin options and handles errors.

The builtin options are --version if addVersionOption was called and --help / --help-all if addHelpOption was called.

When invoking one of these options, or when an error happens (for instance an unknown option was passed), the current process will then stop, using the exit() function.

See also

arguments() parse()

setApplicationDescription(description)#
Parameters:

description – str

Sets the application description shown by helpText() .

setOptionsAfterPositionalArgumentsMode(mode)#
Parameters:

mode – OptionsAfterPositionalArgumentsMode

Sets the parsing mode to parsingMode. This must be called before process() or parse() .

setSingleDashWordOptionMode(parsingMode)#
Parameters:

parsingMode – SingleDashWordOptionMode

Sets the parsing mode to singleDashWordOptionMode. This must be called before process() or parse() .

showHelp([exitCode=0])#
Parameters:

exitCode – int

Displays the help information, and exits the application. This is automatically triggered by the –help option, but can also be used to display the help when the user is not invoking the application correctly. The exit code is set to exitCode. It should be set to 0 if the user requested to see the help, and to any other value in case of an error.

See also

helpText()

showVersion()#

Displays the version information from applicationVersion() , and exits the application. This is automatically triggered by the –version option, but can also be used to display the version when not using process() . The exit code is set to EXIT_SUCCESS (0).

unknownOptionNames()#
Return type:

list of strings

Returns a list of unknown option names.

This list will include both long an short name options that were not recognized. For any long options that were in the form {–option=value}, the value part will have been dropped and only the long name is added.

The names in this list do not include the preceding dash characters. Names may appear more than once in this list if they were encountered more than once by the parser.

See also

optionNames()

value(option)#
Parameters:

option – QCommandLineOption

Return type:

str

This is an overloaded function.

Returns the option value found for the given option, or an empty string if not found.

For options found by the parser, the last value found for that option is returned. If the option wasn’t specified on the command line, the default value is returned.

An empty string is returned if the option does not take a value.

value(name)
Parameters:

name – str

Return type:

str

Returns the option value found for the given option name optionName, or an empty string if not found.

The name provided can be any long or short name of any option that was added with addOption() . All the option names are treated as being equivalent. If the name is not recognized or that option was not present, an empty string is returned.

For options found by the parser, the last value found for that option is returned. If the option wasn’t specified on the command line, the default value is returned.

If the option does not take a value, a warning is printed, and an empty string is returned.

values(option)#
Parameters:

option – QCommandLineOption

Return type:

list of strings

This is an overloaded function.

Returns a list of option values found for the given option, or an empty list if not found.

For options found by the parser, the list will contain an entry for each time the option was encountered by the parser. If the option wasn’t specified on the command line, the default values are returned.

An empty list is returned if the option does not take a value.

values(name)
Parameters:

name – str

Return type:

list of strings

Returns a list of option values found for the given option name optionName, or an empty list if not found.

The name provided can be any long or short name of any option that was added with addOption() . All the options names are treated as being equivalent. If the name is not recognized or that option was not present, an empty list is returned.

For options found by the parser, the list will contain an entry for each time the option was encountered by the parser. If the option wasn’t specified on the command line, the default values are returned.

An empty list is returned if the option does not take a value.